What does the term rubato refer to in music?

Rubato refers to a style of playing that allows for flexibility in tempo, providing musicians with the freedom to deviate from a strict rhythmic structure. This expressive technique involves the deliberate stretching and compressing of the beat, enabling performers to convey emotion and nuance in their interpretation of the music. For instance, a musician may choose to slow down slightly at a poignant moment or accelerate during a lively passage, enhancing the overall expressiveness of the performance.

This concept is particularly significant in romantic music, where the emotional content is often conveyed through such subtle variations in tempo. By allowing performers to manipulate timing, rubato contributes to a more personal and expressive rendition of the piece, distinguishing it from performances that adhere rigidly to notated rhythms.